* Astronomy

The Ochil fault is associated with numerous subsidiary faults which extend across most of Scotland from eastern Fife to the Ayrshire coast. Despite more than a century of study by generations of geologists, the origin of these fault movements remains obscure. It is known, however, that the fault was active at the end of the Carboniferous period, approximately 295 million years ago.
The most interesting features, however, are revealed by microscopic investigation of some of the deformed sandstones of the fault plane. Under the microscope, the quartz grains in these rocks can be seen to contain minute defects in the crystal structure which are known as Planar Deformation Features (PDFs). These features are uniquely associated with a particular type of event in Earth history - Asteroid impact. They are produced by the extremely high pressure shock wave which is generated by the collision of an asteroid with the planet surface. No other natural process produces PDFs, although they have been found in rocks affected by underground nuclear explosions. Their discovery in rocks of the Ochil fault complex indicates that the cause of this episode of faulting was an asteroid impact in what is now central Scotland at the end of the Carboniferous period, 295 million years ago.

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