A telescope turbo-charger called the Exoplanet Tracker on the special 0.9-meter Coudé feed system within the National Science Foundation’s 2.1-meter telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory near Tucson, Arizona, ET has found its first planet outside the solar system.
The two small, relatively cheap instruments are part of a new wave of tools and techniques joining the accelerating race to find a world like ours that orbits a different star.
Scientists have detected more than 160 so-called extrasolar planets over the last decade. Most have been found by watching for a tell-tale wobble in the stars they orbit. None so far has been a perfect match for Earth in terms of the planet's size and its distance from its star.
The telescope also trained its instruments on a star called HD 209458 known to have a large planet in its orbit, and watched for minute changes in the light emitted by the star. As the big planet went around the star, the light dimmed a bit. The Exoplanet Tracker also looked for subtle gravitational tugs that might indicate other smaller planets were also circling the star, but detected none.
"We expected that there might be Earth-mass planets here because the planet we know about is weird. It's too big for its mass and one of the best theories to explain that was that it was being puffed out by the tidal influence of an Earth-mass planet in a nearby orbit. Unfortunately that does not work" - Jaymie Matthews of the University of British Columbia
The new planet is located about 100 light-years away in the constellation Virgo. ET, which cost about $200,000 to develop and weighs about 68.04 kg, acts to boost the power of telescopes searching for planets outside our solar system. The astronomers used a new, more effective planet-finding instrument attached to a telescope at the Tuscon-based Kitt Peak National Observatory to find the planet orbiting a star just 600 million years old, one of the youngest stars ever found with a planetary companion.
“This is one of the youngest stars ever identified with a planetary companion,” - Jian Ge, University of Florida.
At this point, ET is being used to search for planets only around one star at a time, but it could look around multiple stars simultaneously. The team is working on a version that would be able to survey as many as 100 stars at the same time.
"We hope to search hundreds of thousands of stars in the next decade, for about 10,000 planets. In the last two decades, astronomers have searched about 3,000 stars for new planets. Our success with this new instrument shows that we will soon be able to search stars much more quickly and cheaply – perhaps as many as a couple of hundred thousand stars in the next two decades.” - Jian Ge.
Ge and colleagues at the University of Florida, Tennessee State University, the Institute of Astrophysics in Spain’s Canary Islands, Pennsylvania State University and the University of Texas presented their findings today at the American Astronomical Society’s annual meeting in Washington, D.C. The instrument used to find the planet points the way to a much more accessible method for finding others — including those capable of supporting life. Planets outside our solar system are typically swamped by the light of their stars, making it difficult to observe them visually. In the 1990s, astronomers began using a measurement technique called Doppler radial velocity to detect planets by observing the wobble in a star that is gravitationally induced by an orbiting planet. This technique, which has uncovered the vast majority of the 160-plus extrasolar planets found so far, works by hunting through the spectrum of starlight for the subtle Doppler shifts that occur as the star and planet move toward and away from their common centre of mass. The instrument at the heart of this technique is usually a spectrograph, but this instrument is problematic.
“A major problem with spectrographs is that they collect only a small percentage of photons from the target light source, which means that they are only useful to search for distant planets when mounted on relatively large telescopes” - Jian Ge.
The astronomers’ new instrument, the Exoplanet Tracker, or ET, eliminates this problem by swapping the spectrograph with an interferometer, a device that can take more precise radial velocity measurements. Tests show the interferometer can capture as much as 20 percent of available photons, making the instrument far more powerful, which opens its use for distant planet hunting to smaller telescopes. At a development cost of about $200,000, the interferometer-equipped ET is also far cheaper than comparable spectrographs, which cost more than $1 million. And at about 4 feet long, 2 feet wide and weighing about 150 pounds, it is lighter and smaller. The instrument is based on a concept first proposed in 1997 by Lawrence Livermore National Lab physicist David Erskine.
The Exoplanet Tracker will be used next spring for a trial planet survey on the Sloan Digital Sky Survey 2.5 meter wide-field telescope at the Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico. The new instrument is funded with an $875,000 grant from the W.M. Keck Foundation. A much more ambitious, long-term survey is in the planning stages. The Kitt Peak Coudé feed telescope that Ge and colleagues used to discover the new planet has a 0.9-meter mirror on a tall tower, a mirror that directs incoming starlight into an observing room in the base of the 2.1-meter telescope. The standard spectrograph in the facility fills the room — while ET occupies a small corner. The new planet is the most distant ever found using the Doppler technique with a telescope mirror less than 1 meter in size. There are hundreds of such telescopes worldwide, compared with just a handful of the larger 2- and 3-meter telescopes more commonly used in planet finding – telescopes that tend to be in extremely high demand and difficult to access.
“These smaller telescopes are relatively cheap and relatively available, so you can often get access to many dozens of nights on them if you have a promising proposal.”- Jian Ge.
Kitt Peak National Observatory is part of the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Tucson, Ariz., which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation.
“This is the first time that a planet has been discovered using a publicly funded telescope at the U.S. national observatory. We are very excited that the broader community of astronomers around the world will be able to propose to use the single-object Exoplanet Tracker instrument at Kitt Peak to carry out their own research programs, starting in the fall of 2006” - Buell Jannuzi, acting director of Kitt Peak National Observatory.
That said, discovering new planets is never easy. In the latest find, astronomers went to great lengths to ensure they were actually “seeing” a planet. That’s because the star, which has about 80 percent of the mass of our sun, retains much of its youthful rotation speed, which makes it capable of generating strong magnetic fields and associated dark star spots. These are similar to the magnetically generated sunspots on our own sun, and they can mimic the presence of a planet in orbit around the star.
To check against this possibility, Greg Henry, an astronomer at Tennessee State, observed the star with an automated telescope in Arizona, and found the star to be changing its brightness as it rotates.
“My observations reveal a rotation period of about 12 days for the star. Thus, if the planetary orbital period is indeed less than five days, the dark spots rotating around on the surface of the star every 12 days cannot be causing the false appearance of a planet.” - Greg Henry.
Located in the direction of the constellation Virgo, the newly discovered planet completes its orbit in less than five days, meaning it orbits very close to its parent star and is very hot. That means it’s too close to the star to lie within the “habitable zone” where life is possible.
