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Blobrana


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Marcellus Shale
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Analysis of Marcellus flowback finds high levels of ancient brines

Brine water that flows back from gas wells in the Marcellus Shale region after hydraulic fracturing is many times more salty than seawater, with high contents of various elements, including radium and barium. The chemistry is consistent with brines formed during the Paleozoic era, a study by an undergraduate student and two professors in Penn State's Department of Geosciences found. 
The study indicates that the brine flowback elements found in high levels in the late stages of hydraulic fracturing come from the ancient brines rather than from salts dissolved by the water and chemicals used as part of the fracking process. The paper by Lara O. Haluszczak, a Penn State student who has since graduated; professor emeritus Arthur W. Rose; and Lee R. Kump, professor and head of the Department of Geosciences; detailing those findings has been accepted for publication in Applied Geochemistry, the journal of the International Association of Geochemistry, and is available online.
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Blobrana


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The Pterygotid eurypterids
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Giant Pterygotid Sea Scorpions: "Terror" Of The Paleozoic Seas

Experiments by a team of researchers in New York and New Jersey have generated evidence that questions the common belief that the pterygotid eurypterids ("sea scorpions") were high-level predators in the Paleozoic oceans.
This group, which ranged the seas from about 470 to 370 million years ago (long before the dinosaurs appeared), included the largest and, arguably, scariest-looking arthropods known to have evolved on planet Earth. Reaching lengths of 2 ½ meters with a body supported by well-developed legs, and armed with a pair of forward-facing claws laden with sharp projecting spines, they seem like the Tyrannosaurus rex among the invertebrates.
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Blobrana


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RE: The Palaeozoic Era
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As the world looks for more energy, the oil industry will need more refined tools for discoveries in places where searches have never before taken place, geologists say.
One such tool is a new sediment curve (which shows where sediment-on-the-move is deposited), derived from sediments of the Paleozoic Era 542 to 251 million years ago, scientists report in this week's issue of the journal Science. The sediment curve covers the entire Paleozoic Era.

"The new Paleozoic sea-level sediment curve provides a way of deriving predictive models of sediment migration on continental margins and in interior seaways" - Bilal Haq, lead author of the Science paper and a marine geologist at the National Science Foundation (NSF).

The paper's co-author is geologist Stephen Schutter of Murphy Oil International in Houston, Tx.

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Blobrana


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The Bird Spring Shelf in southeastern California and basins to the west reveal a complex history of late Palaeozoic sedimentation, sea-level changes, and deformation along the western North American continental margin. A new book published by the Geological Society of America captures insights into the tectonics and paleogeography of the region.
The Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)-Early Permian Bird Spring Carbonate Shelf, Southeastern California: Fusulinid Biostratigraphy, Paleogeographic Evolution, and Tectonic Implications focuses on evidence from ancient seas across a considerable expanse of geologic time.

"Detailed correlations between fusulinid-bearing rocks of the Bird Spring Shelf and deep-water deposits to the northwest reveal the complex history of the area. They confirm the late Palaeozoic as a time of major tectonic instability on the continental margin" - author Calvin Stevens of San Jose State University in California.

Fusulinids, single-celled marine organisms with multiple chambers composed of calcite, typically resemble grains of wheat. They inhabited the world's seas 315 to 250 million years ago and disappeared during the end-Permian mass extinction. Today they are important guide fossils in understanding Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) and Permian rocks and systems.
Stevens and co-author Paul Stone, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, recognised 69 fusulinid species which subsequently formed the basis of their correlations. They utilised recent data from the same area on conodonts, another extinct marine creature, to place their work in the context of standard Permian timescales.
According to Stevens a number of the fusulinid species were described as new while others allow comparison with those from other regions. The resulting reconstructions provide a more complete picture of the geology of western North America during the late Palaeozoic.

Source : Geological Society of America

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Blobrana


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The Palaeozoic Era (from the Greek palaio, "old" and zoion, "animals", meaning "ancient life") is the earliest of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic eon. The Palaeozoic spanned from roughly 542 mya to roughly 251 mya (ICS, 2004), and is subdivided into six geologic periods; from oldest to youngest they are: the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian.

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