* Astronomy

IceCube catches high-energy neutrino oscillations

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory, a telescope at the South Pole that detects the subatomic particles known as neutrinos, has measured the highest-energy neutrino oscillations yet.
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Title: Icecube non-detection of GRBs: Constraints on the fireball properties
Authors: Hao-Ning He, Ruo-Yu Liu, Xiang-Yu Wang, Shigehiro Nagataki, Kohta Murase, Zi-Gao Dai

The increasingly deep limit on the neutrino emission from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) with IceCube observations has reached the level that could put useful constraints on the fireball properties. We first present a revised analytic calculation of the neutrino flux, which predicts a flux an order of magnitude lower than that obtained by the IceCube collaboration. For benchmark model parameters (e.g. the bulk Lorentz factor is \Gamma=10^{2.5}, the observed variability time for long GRBs is t_v=0.01 s and the ratio between the energy in accelerated protons and in radiation is \eta_p=10 for every burst) in the standard internal shock scenario, the predicted neutrino flux from 215 bursts during the period of the 40-string and 59-string configurations is found to be a factor of ~3 below the IceCube sensitivity. However, if we accept the recently found inherent relation between the bulk Lorentz factor and burst energy, the expected neutrino flux increases significantly and the spectral peak shifts to lower energy. In this case, the non-detection then implies that the baryon loading ratio should be \eta_p<10 if the variability time of long GRBs is fixed to t_v=0.01 s. Instead, if we relax the standard internal shock scenario but keep to assume \eta_p=10, the non-detection constrains the dissipation radius to be R>4x10^{12} cm assuming the same dissipation radius for every burst and benchmark parameters for fireballs. We also calculate the diffuse neutrino flux from GRBs for different luminosity functions existing in literature. The expected flux exceeds the current IceCube limit for some luminosity functions, and thus the non-detection constrains \eta_p<10 in such cases when the variability time of long GRBs is fixed to t_v=0.01 s.

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Title: Acoustic detection of astrophysical neutrinos in South Pole ice
Authors: Justin Vandenbroucke

When high-energy particles interact in dense media to produce a particle shower, most of the shower energy is deposited in the medium as heat. This causes the medium to expand locally and emit a shock wave with a medium-dependent peak frequency on the order of 10 kHz. In South Pole ice in particular, the elastic properties of the medium have been theorized to provide good coupling of particle energy to acoustic energy. The acoustic attenuation length has been theorized to be several km, which could enable a sparsely instrumented large-volume detector to search for rare signals from high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. We simulated a hybrid optical/radio/acoustic extension to the IceCube array, specifically intended to detect cosmogenic (GZK) neutrinos with multiple methods simultaneously in order to achieve high confidence in a discovered signal and to measure angular, temporal, and spectral distributions of GZK neutrinos.
This work motivated the design, deployment, and operation of the South Pole Acoustic Test Setup (SPATS). The main purpose of SPATS is to measure the acoustic attenuation length, sound speed profile, noise floor, and transient noise sources in situ at the South Pole. We describe the design, performance, and results from SPATS. We measured the sound speed in the fully dense ice between 200 m and 500 m depth to be 3878 ± 12 m/s for pressure waves and 1975.8 ± 8.0 m/s for shear waves. We measured the acoustic amplitude attenuation length to be 316 ± 105 m. We measured the background noise floor to be Gaussian and very stable on all time scales from one second to two years. Finally, we have detected an interesting set of well-reconstructed transient events in over one year of high quality transient data acquisition. We conclude with a discussion of what is next for SPATS and of the prospects for acoustic neutrino detection in ice.

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Title: The IceCube Neutrino Observatory VI: Neutrino Oscillations, Supernova Searches, Ice Properties
Authors: The IceCube Collaboration

Atmospheric neutrino oscillations with DeepCore; Supernova detection with IceCube and beyond; Study of South Pole ice transparency with IceCube flashers; Submitted papers to the 32nd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Beijing 2011.

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