* Astronomy

Blobrana · L

RE: Plutonium

Blobrana · L

The end of the Cold War's nuclear weapons build-up means that the NASA does not have enough plutonium for future faraway space probes - except for a few missions already scheduled - according to a new study released Thursday by the National Academy of Sciences.

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Blobrana · L

Scientists unlock physical, chemical secrets of plutonium
Researchers at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, have unlocked some of the physical and chemical secrets of plutonium, an element known for its use in atomic weapons and power plant fuel. While the complex nuclear characteristics of plutonium are well-known, it has properties as a metal or a chemical compound that have often left scientists scratching their heads.
Writing in this weeks issue of Nature, a prestigious international scientific journal, Rutgers physicists report that the valence electrons those which control how atoms bond with each other fluctuate among different orbitals in solid plutonium metal on a very short time scale. In contrast, earlier theories specified fixed numbers of valence electrons in those orbitals. The Rutgers findings help explain some contrary characteristics of plutonium: Unlike many metals, plutonium is not magnetic and not a good conductor of electricity, and it shows greater changes in volume under small changes in temperature and pressure.

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Blobrana · L

Scientists have solved a question about the nature of plutonium that had remained a mystery since the Manhattan Project.

Plutonium behaves like no other element in nature. The bonding of its electrons causes its crystal structure to be uneven, similar to a mineral, and the nucleus is unstable, causing the metal to spontaneously decay over time and damage the surrounding metal lattice.
First batches of the metal were too brittle to machine due to the mineral-like structure of the crystal. In order to make the metal machinable, the high-temperature, high-symmetry cubic structure of plutonium needed to be retained to room temperature.
Scientists during the Manhattan Project achieved this by adding a small amount of gallium.

“There was never a clear explanation as to why gallium stabilised the ductile cubic structure over the low-symmetry mineral-like structure; they just did it and it worked” - Kevin Moore, a staff scientist in the Materials Science and Technology Division at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

For the first time, researchers have determined why gallium works. In pure plutonium, the bonds between Pu atoms are very uneven, causing the metal’s high propensity to adopt a low-symmetry structure. However, when a gallium atom is put in the plutonium lattice, it causes the bonds to become more uniform and thus leads to the high-symmetry cubic structure.

“Gallium evens out the plutonium bonds. The calculations strongly illuminate why gallium stabilises the machinable cubic structure to room temperature. Previous experiments tell us that the plutonium lattice distorts as it ages, but there was no clear explanation as to why this happens. Our calculations explain the observations, showing the distortions are the response of plutonium and its uneven bonds to having defects produced in the crystal due to self irradiation. These calculations further our confidence in the safety, security and reliability of aging plutonium in stockpile warheads” - Kevin Moore.

Through a series of calculations, Moore and his Livermore colleagues, Per Söderlind and Adam Schwartz, and David Laughlin of Carnegie Mellon University have produced results that appear in the May 26 online edition of Physical Review Letters.
The team next proposes to test their calculations in the laboratory.

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